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Season3.cpp
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2438 lines (1775 loc) · 69.4 KB
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// In The Name Of God
// Season 3:
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Season: DataType
// Dar in fasl gharare amigh be DataType ha bepardazim
// Dar fasl haye ghabl yad gerftim ba estefade az Variable ha mitunim
// Ye seri etelat dar RAM zakhire konim : RAM = Random Access Memory
// Dar daftar kheyli tozihat hast hatman negah kon
// Ma midunim kochek tarin vahed zakhire sazi ( bit ) hast ke dar khodesh 0 OR 1 mitune zakhire sazi kone
// Bishtar nemitune
// Dar RAM khone hayi vojud darad ke esmeshon ( Memory Address ) hast
// Har khone shamel ( 8 Bit = 1Byte ) hast
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: DataType ha
// Ino midunim ke Computer be joz 0 1 hichi nemifahme
// Khob mesal ma ye codi neveshtim Compiler miyad ono tabdil mikone be 0 1 doruste
// Khob Compiler az koja mifahme on داده adad sahih hast ya reshte ya harchi .........
// Khob malome az DataType ha mifahme
// Ma miaym minevisim int x = 5; Compiler int mibine pas mifahme adad sahih hast
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: DataType haye avvalie
// Dar zaban C++ 2noe DataType darim : 1-fundamental(primitive) 2-Compound
// DataType fundamental ba chand esm mishe shenakht ya goft:
// 1-Primitive 2-Built-in 3-Basic 4-Scalar 5-fundamental
// Gharare DataType haye fundamental yad begirim datatype haye avvalie va sade hastand
// DataType haye Compound kami pichide has
// DataType string dar zaban C++ toye Compound gharar dare
// Vali dar aksar zaban ha mesl C# , Python , Java dar fundamental gharar darad
// Shakhe haye fundamental 18 ta hast ma felan kami az on gharare yad begirim
// -integer
// -floating point
// -boolen
// -Character
// -void
// -Null pointer //ino badan yad migirim yek meghdar khas hast
// Bazi DataType ha ham hastan dar C++ version jadid
// yek pasvand _t ezafe shode mesl: //char16_t //char8_t //wchar_t //char32_t
// _t bayangar type hast
// In season felan fundamental gharar yad begirim
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: Void
// void kamel baladi mikham faghat yek nokte begam
// void no Type hast
// yani nemishe dige void x; nevesht
// Fagaht function
// Ye chizi ke hast mitunim parameter ham void gharar bedim
// Yani in function dige parameter nemigire
/* void salam(void){
}*/
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: Size ha
// Ye chizi ke goftim har Variable ke tarif mikonim dar hafeze RAM miad 1Byte zakhire mikone
// Eshtebahe shayad 2Byte bashe ya .... Bastegi be noe Type ham dare
// Goftim ham bit mitune 0 OR 1 ro zakhire kone faghat yekisho
// Hala 2bit chegadr mitune zakhire ? 4 ta 0 1
// Khob chejurie 4 ta 0 1 be tartib alan minevisam negah kon
// 0 0
// 0 1
// 1 0
// 1 1
// Hala dar 3bit chghadre? 8 ta 0 1
// 0 0 0
// 0 0 1
// 0 1 0
// 0 1 1
// 1 0 0
// 1 0 1
// 1 1 0
// 1 1 1
// Khob in 0 1 nemiam ke benvisam yek yeki bebinam chand ta hast
// Ye formul dare ( n bit | pow(2 , n) ) 2 be tavan on ghadr bit
// Khob hala mikhaym adad haye binary be mabnaye Decimal bebarim
// Ye ravesh dare ke tarahi mikonam link mizaram
// In Link payin tarahi kamel chejurie
// https://github.com/PyScriptPlus/C--Full-Project/blob/main/Untitled%20Diagram.drawio
// Inam yeki az link payini mostaghim aks hast
// https://github.com/PyScriptPlus/C--Full-Project/issues/1
// So'al: 8 Bit che meghdari mitune zakhire kone? 0 ta 255 chera 256 na chon khod 0 ham hast mishe 256 dige
// Age 1 Variable darim ke faghat 1Byte hafeze estefade mikone dige nemitunam 300 tosh zakhire sazi konim
// Nokte: Hazefe RAM bi nahayat nist !!!!!!!!!
// Age biaym mesal Variable tarif konim meghdar dahi nakonim mesal int x;
// Bazam miad kami az hazefe estefade mikone !!!
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: Size anvae fundamental ha
// Dar in bahs mikham bedunim har DataType az fundamental ha dar hafeze che meghdar az RAM ra eshghal mikonand
// Kheyli daghigh nist va hich vaght nemitunim daghigh daghigh begim vali halaaaa
// Bastegi be memariye va compiler dare chegadr az hafeze RAM eshghal mikonand in Type ha
// Integer ha: 1-sort ( 2byte ) 2-int( Ghadim: 2byte Jadid: 4byte ) 3-long( 4byte ) 4-long long( 8byte )
// floating point: 1-float ( 4byte ) 2-double( 8byte ) 3-long double ( Mamolan 8 ta 16 byte )
// boolean: 1-bool ( 1byte )
// character: 1-char ( 1byte ) 2-wchar_t ( 1byte ) 3-char16_t ( 2byte ) 4-char32_t ( 4byte )
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: sizeof
// Khob in sizeof yek operator mahsob mishe doruste yek alamat nist ya harchi
// Neveshte hast dar fasl haye ghabl goftim operator ha mitunan neveshte ham bashan
// Yekish hamin sizeof ke miad , mesal bala ke neveshtim masalan float miad 4byte dar khodesh zakhire mikone
// Ba in operator mitunim sabet konim ke float 4byte dar khodesh mitune zakhire sazi kone
// Shayad dar har pc bastegi be compiler ba CPU dare mesal int shayad 2byte neshun bede dar man 4byte
// Dar CPU haye modern 4byte hast
// Mesal:
/*
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << sizeof(float) << "byte"; // 4byte
return 0;
}
*/
// Nokte: mesal yek CPU darim memarish 32بیتی hast ye DataType darim 32bit hast ke hatman behtarin amalkard khahad dasht
// Chon ba memari CPU hamahang hast
// dige dar 16bit mesl 32bit nemitune amalkard behtari dashte bashe
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: Adad sahih alamat dar ( Signed integers )
// In Variable haye payin hamashon mitunan adad sahih alamat dar zakhire konand
// int; short; long; long long;
// Aslan alamat dar ya hamon Signed chiye?
// Yani ham + va - mitunan dar khodeshon zakhire konand
// Mesal:
// int x = -5;
// short y = 6;
// Agar jayi didi Variable haye integer injuri tarif kardan ta'job nakon:
// short int x;
// int y; khod int dige nemishe
// long int s;
// long long int a;
// Hich farghi nakardan hamon mesl short x; hast faghat tolani shode ast
// Ya mesl in
// signed short a;
// signed int s;
// signed long i;
// signed long long y;
// Inam yani ina Integer haye alamat dar hastand che benvisi che nanevisi alamat dar hastan mesl: int s;
// Ma yad gerftim = n bit >>> 2^n << pow(2 , n);
// Khob alan pow(2 , 8); out put dar unsigned mishe 0 - 255
// Vali dar signed ke manfi hast chi mishe bayad kami az adad ye samt manfi ye samt mosbat bashe
// Formul aslish
// -2^-n vaysa ye mesal codi bezanm javabesho bebin
// Mishe -128 ta +127:
/*
#include <iostream>
// #include <math.h> // In baraye pow hast az zaban C baraye C++ bagi monde standard nist
#include <cmath> // Inam baraye pow hast vali in makhsos C++ az fazaye namespace std hast standard hast
// Behtare az cmath estefade shavad harkodum dos dari vali khob
// Shayad dar math.h khast std:: bezarim ta kar kone momken hast
int main(){
std::cout << pow(-2 , 8 - 1) << "\n"; // output -128
std::cout << pow(2 , 8 - 1) - 1; // output + 127
return 0;
}
*/
// Ye nokte dare chera dar ghesmat mosbat bad pow (- 1) neveshtam zira khod 0 ham hesab mishe!!
// Ino baraye 2Byte hamon 16bit ham test kardam mishe
// -32768 ta +32767
// In code balayi baraye signed bod ke dar signed mitunim mesal toye 8bit ya hamon 1Byte
// Meghdar beyn -128 ta 127 zakhire konim !!!!!!!!
// Khob goftim dar 8bit signed mishe -128 ta beyn 127 zakhire kard
// Vali agar biaym adad mesal 200 tosh zakhire konim natije ash chi mishe?
// Malome nemishe error mide talash konim
// Natije aslish mishe Overflow yani engar 1 Livan darim ba 1 parch ub mikhaym berizim livan hamasho
// Ja nemigire be in migan Overflow
// Ye moshkeli ham be vojud miyare ( UB ) hast hamon ( Undefined Behavior )
/*
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << 5 / 2; // In dar vagheyat ya kolan mishe javabesh 2.5
return 0;
// Vali shod 2 chera ? ino jelo tar yad migirim man baladam ye test karde bodam vali hala bebinimm
}
*/
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: Adad sahih bedon alamat ( unsigned integers )
// Zaban C++ az adad unsigned ham support mikone
// Aslan adad unsigned yani chi? Adad haye faghat mosbat hastand manfi nemishe nevesht tosh!
// Mesal:
/*
#include <iostream>
int main() {
unsigned int x = 50;
unsigned short a = 25;
unsigned long y = 55;
unsigned long long p = 2500;
unsigned int i = -50; //Error ye adad ajib gharib mide ke barresi mishe jelo tar
std::cout << i;
return 0;
}
*/
// Khob adad unsigned manfi nemishe pas alan 8bit ya hamon 1Byte chegadr mishe? 0 - 255 mishe tosh zakhire sazi kard
// Mesal formul be dast ovardan che meghdar mitunim dar hafeze RAM unsigned integers zakhire konim?
/*
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
int main() {
// n bit == 2^n - 1
// Khob in formul chera - 1 mishe?
// Zira khod 0 am hesab mishe !!!
std::cout << pow(2 , 8) - 1 << "\n";
std::cout << pow(2 , 16) - 1 << "\n";
std::cout << pow(2 , 32) - 1 << "\n";
std::cout << pow(2 , 64) - 1;
return 0;
}
*/
// Khob che moghe hayi lazeme az adad faghat mosbat estefade konim ye mesal riz bezanm masalan sen hich vaght nemitune
// Manfi bashe vali ziad estefade nakon az unsigned
// Ya mikhay mesal dar 1Byte adad 200 zakhire koni az unsigned estefade kon
// Ye codi test konim ye natije mide ke barresi mikhaym konim
// short 2 byte hast ke age bekhaym unsigned zakhire sazi konim mishe 0 - 65535 mishe zakhire sazi kard
/*
#include <iostream>
int main(){
unsigned short x = 65535;
std::cout << x << "\n"; // Output = 65535
x = 65536;
std::cout << x << "\n"; // Output = 0
x = 65537;
std::cout << x << "\n"; // Output = 1
x = 65538;
std::cout << x; // Output = 2
return 0;
}
*/
// Chera in khoruji ha 0 1 2 dad doruste bishtar az on chizi bod ke zakhire sazi mikhad kone vali hala chera 0 1 2 ?
// Biaym tahlil konim :)
// Ye forumul dare mesal ( 65536 / 65535 +1 ) taghsim riyazi nist sahih hast baghimande moheme %
// Mesal codi bezanm behtar motavajeh mishi
/*
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << 65536 % (65535 + 1) << "\n"; // 65535 + 1 hamon mishe = 65536
std::cout << 65537 % (65535 + 1) << "\n"; // Toye parantez andakhtam javab dorust biad chon javab miomad 3 olaviyat bayad bashe
std::cout << 65538 % 65536; // dige ino + 1 nakardam mostaghim zadamm 65536
}
*/
// Khob az unsigned ha harvaght herfeyi shode estefade kon chon moheme moshkel za ham hastand.
// Ye mesal codi digar ham bezanim ke moshkel UB bevojud miyare
/*
#include <iostream>
int main() {
unsigned int i = 3;
unsigned int y = 5;
std::cout << i - y; // Adad naaaa ma'lom !!!!
// Moshkel Undefined Behavior
return 0;
}
*/
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: Anvae tul sabet انواع طول ثابت
// Khob ma midunim ke zaban C++ dar DataType ha (Garanti گارانتی) moshakhasi nadare braye size ha
// Bale hadghal Garanti mikone va bastegi be Compiler va memariye computer dare
// So'ali ke pish miyad chera size ha ya andaze ha sabet nistand?
// Pasokh ba zaban C barmigarde ke on zaman performance rotbe avval hamechiz bod yani performance on zaman (Kheyli mohem bod)
// Zaban C omad size type haye integer baraye piyade sazi azad gozasht
// Ke age performance bsihtar bpd mitunestand size bala tari ham estefade konand
// Khob ma midunim hadaghal size int 2byte hast va dar computer haye modern 4byte hast
// Khob ma biaym farz bar roye 2byte bezarim ke okeye amalkard khobi dare
// Vali biaym 4byte dar nazar begirim va computeri ke 2byte faghat support mikone (Albate alan hameye computer ha modern hastand 4byte rahat support mikonanad)
// Khob natije overflow mishe dar barname UB be vojud miare
// Nokte dare: Doruste ma 4byte estefade kardim vali toye on 4byte kamtar az 2byte estefade shode bashe are okeye moshkeli pish nemiyad
// Vali agar az 2Byte bishtar bashe 100% on moshkel hayi ke goftam pish miad
// Khob dar zaban C99 (Zaban C hast) 1999 ke arze shod omadan yek seri tul sabet baraye anvae integer ha erae' dadan
// Ke in type ha dar header file zbana C , C++ (stdint.h) makhsus zaban C++ (cstdint) ke behtare az in estefade konam
// Nahve neveshtaneshun
/*
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdint>
int main()
{
// 1byte / -128 ta 127
std::int8_t;
// 1byte / 0 ta 255
std::uint8_t;
// 2byte / -32768 ta 32767
std::int16_t;
// 2byte / 0 ta 65535
std::uint16_t;
// 4byte / -2147483648.000000 ta 2147483647.000000 // in adad ziade
std::int32_t;
// 4byte / 0 ta 4294967295.000000
std::uint32_t;
// 8byte / -9223372036854775808.000000 ta 9223372036854775808.000000
std::int64_t;
// 8byte / 0 ta 18446744073709551616.000000
std::uint64_t;
// Mitunim in DataType ha ro ta in adade ke neveshte meghdar dahi konim ya hamun zakhire sazi
}
*/
// Khob moshkelat in anvae tul sabet:
// Tazmin nemikonanad dar hameye Computer ha kar konanad poshtibani nemishavand
// Mored ba'adi dar ba'azi az computer ha amalkard kond tari mitunanad dashte bashand
// Chejuri mishe in mesal: man miam tul 32بیتی estefade mikonam hala yek computer hast dar
// 64 بیتی amal kard behtari darad
// Khob zaban C++ omad 2 daste dige am erae' kard ke tahala engar kasi azash estefade nakarde
// 1-fast سریع
// 2-Least حداقل
// Yekam in mabhas گنگه
// Mesal ma int_fast16_t tarif kardim
// Miyad dar computer ke masalan az 64بیتی ya 32بیتی amalkard behtari darad miyad sari tarin andaze ra barmigardanad
// Masalan miad 32 barmigardune dar hali 16 tarif kardim
// Mesal codi ham mizanm kamel motavajeh shi
// In anvae be goneyi tarif shode and ke hadaghal tedad bit mored nazar ra dashte bashand ama mitavanand
// Bozorg tar bashand agar ke baes behbud amalkard shavad
// Toye daftar behtar tozih dadam!
// In code dar Visual Studio test kardam onja test kon ya codesh hast folder (DataType C++, C# Visual Studio 2022)
// Dar compiler Visual Studio 2022 ke ( MSVC ) hast javab mide
/*
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdint>
int main(){
std::cout << sizeof(std::int_fast8_t) * 8 << "\n";
std::cout << sizeof(std::int_fast16_t) * 8 << "\n";
std::cout << sizeof(std::int_fast32_t) * 8 << "\n";
std::cout << sizeof(std::int_fast64_t) * 8 << "\n";
}
*/
// Khob least ham mesl ine vali ye tafavot dare mesal miaym least16 tarif mikonim
// Ke hadaghal 16 hast vali computer ke memari on 32بیتی behtar amalkard dare
// Mesl fast miad 32بیتی jaygozin mishe vali nokte ke dare fargh dare on hadaghal
// 16 بیتی ro ham negah midare
// Khob in fast va least az unsigned ham poshtibani mikonanad
/*
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdint>
int main(){
std::uint_fast16_t;
std::uint_least16_t;
}
*/
// Nokte!: Vared joziyatesh nemisham pichide nashe dar anvae tul sabet 8بیتی moshkel darad:
// Dar int8_t , uint8_t , int_fast8_t , uint_fast8_t , int_least8_t , uint8_t
// Ye nokte riz eshare mikonam az hameye anvae 1Byte ke hamon 8bit hast estefade nakon chon
// Type char barkhod mikonand khod char 1byte estefade mikone va dar anvae tul sabet az 8bit estefade mikonim
// Dar ba'azi az system ha raftar dorusti neshun nemide // Dar hamin had bedon!!!!
// Akharin harfam ham bazam pishnahad mishe az int khali estefade kon anvae tul sabet ziad dargir nasho moshkel za hastan
// Moshak dar faza crash mide miofte zamin dalilesh haminas dige ba least fast va inayi ke goftam ziad dargir nasho
// Ba ina dargir nasho ta majbur beshi ta barname at bekhubi compile va ejra shavad.
// In code payin ziad deghat nakon omadan az tul sabet ha ye function zadam test kardam
// Ke hichkas ba tul sabet function nemisaze vagarne majbur bashe be in kar
/*
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cmath>
std::uint16_t salam();
int main(){
// std::cout << pow(2 , 16) - 1; Output --> 65535
// 65535
std::cout << salam();
return 0;
}
std::uint16_t salam(){
return 65535;
}
*/
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: Scientific Notation (نماد علمی)
// Khob in ( Scientific Notation ) yani che? Baraye namayesh adad ashari kheyli bozorg ya kochak be kar miravad.
// Kolan zamani ke ba adad besiyar bozorg ya besiyar kochak sar kar dashte bashim in Scientific Notation karbord ziadi darad
// In Scientific Notation besiyar rahat hastand:
// Formul: Siynificant x 10^exponent
// 12000 = 1.2 x 10000
// OR
// 5.9736 x 10^24
// Faghat dar posht ragham ashar yek ragham bayad bashe
// Dige in ghalat mishe 59.736 !!!!!!!!
// So'al asli injas ke chejuri az namad elmi dar C++ estefade konim ??
/*
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// e hamon zarb hast 4 ham hamon exponent
// Va dar ghabl az ashar faghat 1 ragham darad
double s = 1.2000e4;
std::cout << s << "\n";
return 0;
}
*/
// Khob chera double vali float na? deghat double bishtar az float hast
// float daraye deghat 32بیتی ast mamolan ta hodud 7 ragham ashar ra poshtibani mikonad
// double daraye deghat 64بیتی ast mamolan ta hodud 15 ragham ashar ra poshtibani mikonad
//Mesal migan 42030 biya ba format namad elmi benevis:
/*
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Daghighan hamun ghavanin rayat shod
// posht ashar 1 ragham hast va ......
double salam = 4.2030e4;
std::cout << salam << "\n";
return 0;
}
*/
// Mesal dige: Hala mikhaym adad kochik bebinim chejurie masalan 0.0078900 in bad az 9 dota 00 hast ona dige hesab nemishan khone nemishe
/*
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Daghighan hamun ghavanin rayat shod
// posht ashar 1 ragham hast va chon adad kochik hast manfi shode -3
// Harchi ghabl az 7 hast on 0 ha mishmari manfi mikoni minevisi
double salam = 7.89e-3;
std::cout << salam << "\n";
return 0;
}
*/
// Mesal dige: 600.410
/*
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Daghighan hamun ghavanin rayat shod
// posht ashar 1 ragham hast va bad az 6 harchi darad ta noghte minevisim ke bazam 2ta 00 hast khod 6 hesab nemishe
double salam = 6.00410e2;
std::cout << salam << "\n";
return 0;
}
*/
// Toye daftar behtar tozih dade shode
// Khob hala ma agar natunestim biaym hamin adad 600.410 namad elmisho benevisim ba ye library mitunim komak begirim
/*
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
int main()
{
double selam = 600.410;
std::cout << std::scientific << selam; // OutPut 6.004100e+02
// On bad az 1 dota 00 hast ke kolan hesab nisan ba ghabl az 02 ham on 0 e hesab nis
// kamelan dorust javab dad
return 0;
}
*/
// Mabhas: Adad ashari (floating point number)
// Ino midunim ke toye type haye integer nemishe adad ashari zakhire sazi kard
// Baraye zakhire sazi adad ashari bayad az floating point estefade konim
// Ke mitunim chenin adadi zakhire sazi konim:
// 4.224 , 58.5469 , -3.54 , 0.0 , 0.00005485414 va ..................
// Kolan ba yek alamat momayez ya hamun noghte neveshte mishe ( ****.**** )
// Ye gaziye vojud dasht ke dar integer ha size daghigh garanti nemikone balke yek minimum size garanti mikone
// Va in dar floating point ha ham vojud darad
// Yani zaban C++ andaze daghigh anvae dade (داده) ra tazmin nemikonad balke faghat yek hadaghal andaze ra moshkhas
// Ya haman dar nazar migirad
// Anvae floating point:
// 1-float
// 2-double
// 3-long double
// Hamin avval begam dar floating point bishtarin karbord double darad hala migid chera?
// Zira deghat bishtari darad
// Minimum size ke baraye anvae floating size c++ dar nazar gerfte:
// float ===== 4byte
// double ===== 8byte
// long double ===== 8 byte
// Dar memari haye modern hadaghal size mamolan injurie:
// float ===== 4byte
// double ===== 8byte
// long double ===== 8 byte , 12 byte , 16 byte
// Mesal: Ma mikhaym mostaghim adad 5 ro toye floating point ha zakhire sazi konim
// vali injuri benevisim eshtebahe double i = 5; kamelan eshtebahe !!!!
// float i = 5.0f; // float akhar adad yedune f dare migam hala chera
// Chon age gharar nadim compiler in 5.0 miad double mishnase
// double w = 5.0;
// long double s = 5.0;
// Sabet konim chera 5.0 injuri compiler double mishnase bedon gozashtan f
/*
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << typeid(5.0f).name() << "\n"; // float
std::cout << typeid(5.0).name() << "\n"; // double
std::cout << typeid(5).name() << "\n"; // int
// Dar inja esm avval harfeshon miyare dar compiler MSVC ke male Visual studio 2022 hast esm kamel minevise
return 0;
}
*/
// Khob ye mesal bezanim ma yek adad mikhaym ke ye ragham ziadi darad vali kamel chap nemikone
// Va rahhalesham begim chejurie
/*
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip> // Baraye in setprecision in library <iomanip> lazem hast
int main()
{
std::cout << 65594752454.01 << "\n"; // in miad 6 raghamesho chap mikone deghat cout 6 ragham hast
// Hala rah hal chiye kamel chap kone
std::cout << std::setprecision(13); // toye parantez deghat ragham moshakhas mikonim
std::cout << 65594752454.01; // Hala output ino negah kon
return 0;
}
*/
// Inam begam:
// Deghat float : 6 - 9 ragham hast
// Deghat double : 15-19 ragham hast
// Nokte akhar: Kheyli moghe ha float ro be double tarjih bede
// Elat 10000 bar goftam bazam migam: deghat double behtar hast bishtar hast .........
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: Moshkelat kar ba adad ashari
// Khob in adad ashari kamel daghigh zakhire sazi nemikonanad ye mesal bezanim
// Kamel bebin
/*
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
int main()
{
double x = 0.1;
std::cout << x << "\n"; // inja doruste
std::cout << std::setprecision(17); // vali biaym deghat 17 konim
std::cout << x; // Output negah koni on akhar akhar yedune 1 hast doruste kheyli be chesh nemiad
// Vali injuri zakhire sazi ina bazi vaghta kami bishtar ya kami ziad hast az adadi ke ma mikhaym zakhire sazi konim
return 0;
}
*/
// 0.1 dar mabnaye 2 yek meghdar tekrar shavande bi payan darad baraye hamin
// double nemitune be tor daghigh zakhire konad dar double
// (64 بیت دارد)
// In miad adad nazdik tarin be 0.1 zakhire sazi mikone
// In tafavot dar deghat bala neshun dade mishe !!!!
// Vaghti ba adad ashar sarkar darim momkene yek zare az adad had vagheyatash bishtar ya kamtar bashad
// Ye mesal:
/*
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
int main()
{
double i = 1.0;
std::cout << i << "\n";
double y = 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1; // Ina az lahaz riyazi mishe 1.0
// Vali biaym ino chap konim
std::cout << y << "\n"; // Inja moshkeli pish nemiyad
std::cout << std::setprecision(17);
std::cout << y << "\n"; // Vali inja yekam fargh mikone
// Hala biaym az moghayeseyi estefade konim boolean ke nakhundim ta hala vali
std::cout << (i == y) << "\n"; // Adad 0 yani false adad 1 mishe true
// Ba Boolalpha mishe kamel neshun dad mesal: ke 0 1 neshun nade
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << (i == y) << "\n"; // False mishe
return 0;
}
*/
// 3 Mored ham dar daste bandi floating point hast:
// 1-inf(infinity - مثبت بینهایت)
// 2- -inf(Negative infinity - منفی بینهایت)
// 3- nan(Not a Number - یک عدد نامعتر)
// In mored ha faghat dar compiler hayi vojud darad ke az IEEE 754 estefade karde bashand
/*
#include <iostream>
int main() {
// Har adad mosbati taghsim bar 0 beshe mishe inf
double zero = 0.0;
double inf = 2.1 / zero;
std::cout << inf << "\n";
// Har adad manfi taghsim bar 0 beshe mishe inf
double neginf= -9.4 / zero;
std::cout << neginf << "\n";
// 0 taghsim bar 0 beshe mishe nan
double nan = zero / zero;
std::cout << nan << "\n";
return 0;
}
*/
// Age compiler IEEE 754 nadashte bashe nemitunim taghsim bar sefr konim
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: Boolean
// Boolean chist? Javab ye seri so'al ha ya mas'ale hast ke mishe: Bale OR Khyer
// Bale == True
// Kheyr == False
// 0 == False
// Be joz 0 harchi bashe True aksar 1 minevisan chon khod Compiler 1 mide
// 1 == True
// Nahve neveshtan Boolean:
/*
#include <iostream>
int main(){
bool i;
i = false;
bool y = true;
bool x = false;
bool xy = !x;
bool iy = !true;
std::cout << i << '\n' << y << '\n' << x << '\n' << xy << '\n' << iy << '\n';
return 0;
}
*/
// Nokte: So'al chejuri in true , false dar hazefe zakhire mishan?
// Adad 0 be onvane false zakhire mishe
// Adad be joz 0 ke mishe true 1 , -2 , 3 , -5
// Vali dar hazefe 1 be onvane true zakhire mishe
// Khob dar code bala be sorat 0 va 1 chap mikone
// Age bekhym matni chap kone true va false ro
// Estefade az:
// std::boolalpha;
// Mesal:
/*
#include <iostream>
int main(){
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
bool x = false;
bool y = -0;
bool w = !false;
bool med = -10;
std::cout << x << '\n' << y << '\n' << w << '\n' << med << '\n';
std::cout << "|********************************************|" << '\n';
// Ba estefade az noboolalpha barmigarde be halat avval 0 1;
std::cout << std::noboolalpha;
bool re = false;
std::cout << re << '\n';
return 0;
}
*/
// Nokte:
// Agar bool az cin bekhaym karbar vared kone
// Kar bar biad be jaye 0 1 ye matni ajib gharibi vared kon
// Natije: std::cin ono fail mikone va mishe false
// Ye rah ham dare ke karbar betune toye matn vared kon false
// Mesal har do nokte:
/*
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Enter your Number: ";
bool x;
std::cin >> x;
if (x == true)
{
std::cout << "Your Number is true:" << x << std::endl;
}
else
{
std::cout << "Your Number is fail: " << x << std::endl;
}
std::cout << "|************************************************************************|" << '\n';
bool y;
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << "Write text: ";
std::cin >> std::boolalpha >> y;
std::cout << "Your input is: " << y << '\n';
return 0;
}
*/
// Khob ba bool mishe function ham nevesht
// Va asami ke ziad barash mizaran tebgh kari ke on code mikone:
// isEqual , isValid , canMove , hasData , isConnected va ........
// Mesal:
/*
#include <iostream>
bool isEqual(int x , int y);
int main(){
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << "Adad avval vared kon: ";
int x;
std::cin >> x;
std::cout << "Adad dovvom vared kon: ";
int y;
std::cin >> y;
std::cout << isEqual(x , y) << '\n';
return 0;
}
bool isEqual(int x , int y){
return x == y;
}
*/
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
// Mabhas: if-statement
// In if ya if-statement chist?
// Yek ebarate sharti hast
// Ye shart mizanim age in shart dorust bod bia felan karo bekon age eshtebah bod felan karo bekon
// Dar programming migim age shart bargharar bod felan karo bekon dar gheyr in sorat ya else in karo bekon
// Ye chizi darim dar zaban C++ if statement ke migim zamani ke shart ma True bod in shart ma bargharar bashad
/*
if(condition)
statement;
*/
// Agar bish az yek statement dashte bashin Bracket mizarim { }
/*
if (condition)
{
statement;
statement;
statemetn;
}
*/
// Toye (condition) ha chi mishe nevesht?
// Expression mishe nevesht
// Ke in Expression ha tarkibi az Literal integer , operator عملگر عملوند , Variable
// Dar condition codi bayad benevisim ke natije Boolean bashe True ya false bayad bashe tebgh shart in statement
// Ejra mishe
// Mesal:
/*
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int x = 5;
if(x == 5)
{
std::cout << "True" << '\n';
}
if(x != 5)
{
std::cout << "Hello" << '\n'; // Chap nemishe zira shart ma false hast
}
return 0;
}
*/
// Ye rah baraye neveshtan ebarate sharti if - else
/*
if (condition)
{
// True bod in statement ejra mishe
statement;
}
else{
// False bod in statement payini ejra mishe