diff --git a/packages/typescript/ai/src/middlewares/otel.ts b/packages/typescript/ai/src/middlewares/otel.ts
index c51040daf..f4e39cd2f 100644
--- a/packages/typescript/ai/src/middlewares/otel.ts
+++ b/packages/typescript/ai/src/middlewares/otel.ts
@@ -406,10 +406,28 @@ export function otelMiddleware(options: OtelMiddlewareOptions): ChatMiddleware {
             })
           }
           if (inputMessages.length > 0) {
-            iterSpan.setAttribute(
-              'gen_ai.input.messages',
-              JSON.stringify(inputMessages),
-            )
+            const inputJson = JSON.stringify(inputMessages)
+            // Current OTel GenAI semconv — Sentry / PostHog / Datadog read
+            // prompt content from this attribute.
+            iterSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.input.messages', inputJson)
+            // Langfuse-native attribute. Highest priority in Langfuse's OTLP
+            // ingestion (checked before events and gen_ai.input.messages) so
+            // the Input panel populates reliably. Harmless to other backends —
+            // the attribute is namespaced and unrecognised keys are ignored.
+            iterSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.input', inputJson)
+
+            // Mirror the first iteration's input onto the root span and at
+            // trace level so Langfuse fills Input on the trace card and the
+            // chat-level observation. Later iterations append tool-call /
+            // assistant messages that are useful per-iteration but noise at
+            // the chat / trace level.
+            if (state.iterationCount === 0) {
+              state.rootSpan.setAttribute(
+                'langfuse.observation.input',
+                inputJson,
+              )
+              state.rootSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.trace.input', inputJson)
+            }
           }
         }
 
@@ -452,14 +470,21 @@ export function otelMiddleware(options: OtelMiddlewareOptions): ChatMiddleware {
 
         if (captureContent && state.assistantTextBuffer.length > 0) {
           const completion = redactContent(state.assistantTextBuffer)
+          const outputJson = JSON.stringify([
+            { role: 'assistant', content: completion },
+          ])
           // Event form (older semconv) — kept for backends that consume it.
           span.addEvent('gen_ai.choice', { content: completion })
           // Attribute form (current semconv) — required by backends like
           // PostHog that read completion content from `gen_ai.output.messages`.
-          span.setAttribute(
-            'gen_ai.output.messages',
-            JSON.stringify([{ role: 'assistant', content: completion }]),
-          )
+          span.setAttribute('gen_ai.output.messages', outputJson)
+          // Langfuse-native attribute (highest priority in Langfuse mapping).
+          span.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.output', outputJson)
+          // Mirror to the root span and trace card. Each iteration overwrites,
+          // so the final iteration's completion lands on the root — which is
+          // the final answer the user saw, not an intermediate tool-call turn.
+          state.rootSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.output', outputJson)
+          state.rootSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.trace.output', outputJson)
           state.assistantTextBuffer = ''
           state.assistantTextBufferTruncated = false
         }
@@ -555,12 +580,13 @@ export function otelMiddleware(options: OtelMiddlewareOptions): ChatMiddleware {
               : (safeCall('otel.serializeToolArgs', () =>
                   JSON.stringify(hookCtx.args ?? null),
                 ) ?? '[unserializable_tool_args]')
-          toolSpan.setAttribute(
-            'gen_ai.input.messages',
-            JSON.stringify([
-              { role: 'tool', content: redactContent(argsBody) },
-            ]),
-          )
+          const redactedArgs = redactContent(argsBody)
+          const toolInputJson = JSON.stringify([
+            { role: 'tool', content: redactedArgs },
+          ])
+          toolSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.input.messages', toolInputJson)
+          // Langfuse-native (highest priority in Langfuse mapping).
+          toolSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.input', toolInputJson)
         }
 
         state.toolSpans.set(hookCtx.toolCallId, {
@@ -610,10 +636,12 @@ export function otelMiddleware(options: OtelMiddlewareOptions): ChatMiddleware {
           }
           // Output panel of the tool span itself — `gen_ai.output.messages` is
           // what current GenAI semconv consumers (e.g. PostHog) read.
-          toolSpan.setAttribute(
-            'gen_ai.output.messages',
-            JSON.stringify([{ role: 'tool', content: redactedBody }]),
-          )
+          const toolOutputJson = JSON.stringify([
+            { role: 'tool', content: redactedBody },
+          ])
+          toolSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.output.messages', toolOutputJson)
+          // Langfuse-native (highest priority in Langfuse mapping).
+          toolSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.output', toolOutputJson)
         }
 
         safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 15eea0236..8f46aa506 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ importers:
         version: 0.561.0(react@19.2.3)
       nitro:
         specifier: latest
-        version: 3.0.260415-beta(chokidar@5.0.0)(dotenv@17.2.3)(giget@2.0.0)(jiti@2.6.1)(rollup@4.60.1)(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@24.10.3)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)(terser@5.44.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.2))
+        version: 3.0.260429-beta(chokidar@5.0.0)(dotenv@17.2.3)(giget@2.0.0)(jiti@2.6.1)(rollup@4.60.1)(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@24.10.3)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)(terser@5.44.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.2))
       radix-ui:
         specifier: ^1.4.3
         version: 1.4.3(@types/react-dom@19.2.3(@types/react@19.2.7))(@types/react@19.2.7)(react-dom@19.2.3(react@19.2.3))(react@19.2.3)
@@ -1671,7 +1671,7 @@ importers:
     dependencies:
       '@copilotkit/aimock':
         specifier: latest
-        version: 1.14.0
+        version: 1.16.4(vitest@4.1.4(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)(@types/node@24.10.3)(happy-dom@20.0.11)(jsdom@27.3.0(postcss@8.5.9))(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@24.10.3)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)(terser@5.44.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.2)))
       '@opentelemetry/api':
         specifier: ^1.9.0
         version: 1.9.1
@@ -1773,6 +1773,49 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^7.2.7
         version: 7.3.1(@types/node@24.10.3)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)(terser@5.44.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.2)
 
+  testing/otel-verify:
+    dependencies:
+      '@copilotkit/aimock':
+        specifier: latest
+        version: 1.16.4(vitest@4.1.4(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)(@types/node@24.10.3)(happy-dom@20.0.11)(jsdom@27.3.0(postcss@8.5.9))(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@24.10.3)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)(terser@5.44.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.2)))
+      '@opentelemetry/api':
+        specifier: ^1.9.0
+        version: 1.9.1
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-proto':
+        specifier: ^0.57.0
+        version: 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/resources':
+        specifier: ^1.30.0
+        version: 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/sdk-node':
+        specifier: ^0.57.0
+        version: 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base':
+        specifier: ^1.30.0
+        version: 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions':
+        specifier: ^1.30.0
+        version: 1.40.0
+      '@tanstack/ai':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:../../packages/typescript/ai
+      '@tanstack/ai-openai':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:../../packages/typescript/ai-openai
+      zod:
+        specifier: ^4.2.0
+        version: 4.3.6
+    devDependencies:
+      '@types/node':
+        specifier: ^24.10.1
+        version: 24.10.3
+      tsx:
+        specifier: ^4.21.0
+        version: 4.21.0
+      typescript:
+        specifier: 5.9.3
+        version: 5.9.3
+
   testing/panel:
     dependencies:
       '@tailwindcss/vite':
@@ -2192,10 +2235,18 @@ packages:
   '@cloudflare/workers-types@4.20260317.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-+G4eVwyCpm8Au1ex8vQBCuA9wnwqetz4tPNRoB/53qvktERWBRMQnrtvC1k584yRE3emMThtuY0gWshvSJ++PQ==}
 
-  '@copilotkit/aimock@1.14.0':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-1NqwWEameArC7HWT7UHBlkq3pNlCA0eHBocaeL6mS5CULolT9XFL27tC9jJ+OSmREzLwkKbFYaAl2SssaXexVA==}
-    engines: {node: '>=20.15.0'}
+  '@copilotkit/aimock@1.16.4':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-DA9WjJWpi2Yh36ltsnfMycj+BbifSS9G0pyHw0JjQZQPm41+FziGIdl2gusBtwYebStypQ4v9Jj2rjqjJqqtvQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=24.0.0'}
     hasBin: true
+    peerDependencies:
+      jest: '>=29'
+      vitest: '>=3'
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      jest:
+        optional: true
+      vitest:
+        optional: true
 
   '@crazydos/vue-markdown@1.1.4':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-0I1QMP59LJ3aEjE7bolgvPU4JAFt+pykdDo5674CbsCwFo7OVFos50+MPhGdWflCz1mac5t152lB1qvV/tR/rw==}
@@ -3121,6 +3172,15 @@ packages:
       '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk':
         optional: true
 
+  '@grpc/grpc-js@1.14.3':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Iq8QQQ/7X3Sac15oB6p0FmUg/klxQvXLeileoqrTRGJYLV+/9tubbr9ipz0GKHjmXVsgFPo/+W+2cA8eNcR+XA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12.10.0'}
+
+  '@grpc/proto-loader@0.8.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-rc1hOQtjIWGxcxpb9aHAfLpIctjEnsDehj0DAiVfBlmT84uvR0uUtN2hEi/ecvWVjXUGf5qPF4qEgiLOx1YIMQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6'}
+    hasBin: true
+
   '@humanfs/core@0.19.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-5DyQ4+1JEUzejeK1JGICcideyfUbGixgS9jNgex5nqkW+cY7WZhxBigmieN5Qnw9ZosSNVC9KQKyb+GUaGyKUA==}
     engines: {node: '>=18.18.0'}
@@ -3354,6 +3414,9 @@ packages:
   '@jridgewell/trace-mapping@0.3.9':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-3Belt6tdc8bPgAtbcmdtNJlirVoTmEb5e2gC94PnkwEW9jI6CAHUeoG85tjWP5WquqfavoMtMwiG4P926ZKKuQ==}
 
+  '@js-sdsl/ordered-map@4.4.2':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-iUKgm52T8HOE/makSxjqoWhe95ZJA1/G1sYsGev2JDKUSS14KAgg1LHb+Ba+IPow0xflbnSkOsZcO08C7w1gYw==}
+
   '@livekit/mutex@1.1.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-EsshAucklmpuUAfkABPxJNhzj9v2sG7JuzFDL4ML1oJQSV14sqrpTYnsaOudMAw9yOaW53NU3QQTlUQoRs4czw==}
 
@@ -3509,10 +3572,172 @@ packages:
   '@openrouter/sdk@0.12.14':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-G32CZ1IkmtsGfQF7/mzcvt7W0Lmd6HUHFGjDWv5knBvL6sJcMmX6i3VPSIpHQYSgEqRQSxFuDROP6iErTu7XcA==}
 
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+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-uIX52NnTM0iBh84MShlpouI7UKqkZ7MrUszTmaypHBu4r7NofznSnQRfJ+uUeDtQDj6w8eFGg5KBLDAwAPz1+A==}
+    engines: {node: '>=14'}
+
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     engines: {node: '>=8.0.0'}
 
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+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-s5vvxXPVdjqS3kTLKMeBMvop9hbWkwzBpu+mUO2M7sZtlkyDJGwFe33wRKnbaYDo8ExRVBIIdwIGrqpxHuKttA==}
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+    engines: {node: '>=14'}
+    peerDependencies:
+      '@opentelemetry/api': '>=1.0.0 <1.10.0'
+
+  '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions@1.28.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-lp4qAiMTD4sNWW4DbKLBkfiMZ4jbAboJIGOQr5DvciMRI494OapieI9qiODpOt0XBr1LjIDy1xAGAnVs5supTA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=14'}
+
+  '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions@1.40.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-cifvXDhcqMwwTlTK04GBNeIe7yyo28Mfby85QXFe1Yk8nmi36Ab/5UQwptOx84SsoGNRg+EVSjwzfSZMy6pmlw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=14'}
+
   '@oxc-minify/binding-android-arm-eabi@0.110.0':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-43fMTO8/5bMlqfOiNSZNKUzIqeLIYuB9Hr1Ohyf58B1wU11S2dPGibTXOGNaWsfgHy99eeZ1bSgeIHy/fEYqbw==}
     engines: {node: ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0}
@@ -6366,6 +6591,9 @@ packages:
   '@types/retry@0.12.0':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wWKOClTTiizcZhXnPY4wikVAwmdYHp8q6DmC+EJUzAMsycb7HB32Kh9RN4+0gExjmPmZSAQjgURXIGATPegAvA==}
 
+  '@types/shimmer@1.2.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-UE7oxhQLLd9gub6JKIAhDq06T0F6FnztwMNRvYgjeQSBeMc1ZG/tA47EwfduvkuQS8apbkM/lpLpWsaCeYsXVg==}
+
   '@types/unist@2.0.11':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-CmBKiL6NNo/OqgmMn95Fk9Whlp2mtvIv+KNpQKN2F4SjvrEesubTRWGYSg+BnWZOnlCaSTU1sMpsBOzgbYhnsA==}
 
@@ -7192,6 +7420,9 @@ packages:
   citty@0.1.6:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-tskPPKEs8D2KPafUypv2gxwJP8h/OaJmC82QQGGDQcHvXX43xF2VDACcJVmZ0EuSxkpO9Kc4MlrA3q0+FG58AQ==}
 
+  cjs-module-lexer@1.4.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-9z8TZaGM1pfswYeXrUpzPrkx8UnWYdhJclsiYMm6x/w5+nN+8Tf/LnAgfLGQCm59qAOxU8WwHEq2vNwF6i4j+Q==}
+
   class-variance-authority@0.7.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Ka+9Trutv7G8M6WT6SeiRWz792K5qEqIGEGzXKhAE6xOWAY6pPH8U+9IY3oCMv6kqTmLsv7Xh/2w2RigkePMsg==}
 
@@ -8520,6 +8751,9 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-TR3KfrTZTYLPB6jUjfx6MF9WcWrHL9su5TObK4ZkYgBdWKPOFoSoQIdEuTuR82pmtxH2spWG9h6etwfr1pLBqQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=6'}
 
+  import-in-the-middle@1.15.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-bpQy+CrsRmYmoPMAE/0G33iwRqwW4ouqdRg8jgbH3aKuCtOc8lxgmYXg2dMM92CRiGP660EtBcymH/eVUpCSaA==}
+
   import-lazy@4.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-rKtvo6a868b5Hu3heneU+L4yEQ4jYKLtjpnPeUdK7h0yzXGmyBTypknlkCvHFBqfX9YlorEiMM6Dnq/5atfHkw==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
@@ -9058,6 +9292,9 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=10'}
 
+  lodash.camelcase@4.3.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-TwuEnCnxbc3rAvhf/LbG7tJUDzhqXyFnv3dtzLOPgCG/hODL7WFnsbwktkD7yUV0RrreP/l1PALq/YSg6VvjlA==}
+
   lodash.defaults@4.2.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-qjxPLHd3r5DnsdGacqOMU6pb/avJzdh9tFX2ymgoZE27BmjXrNy/y4LoaiTeAb+O3gL8AfpJGtqfX/ae2leYYQ==}
 
@@ -9421,6 +9658,9 @@ packages:
   mlly@1.8.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-l8D9ODSRWLe2KHJSifWGwBqpTZXIXTeo8mlKjY+E2HAakaTeNpqAyBZ8GSqLzHgw4XmHmC8whvpjJNMbFZN7/g==}
 
+  module-details-from-path@1.0.4:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-EGWKgxALGMgzvxYF1UyGTy0HXX/2vHLkw6+NvDKW2jypWbHpjQuj4UMcqQWXHERJhVGKikolT06G3bcKe4fi7w==}
+
   motion-dom@11.18.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-g76KvA001z+atjfxczdRtw/RXOM3OMSdd1f4DL77qCTF/+avrRJiawSG4yDibEQ215sr9kpinSlX2pCTJ9zbhw==}
 
@@ -9493,16 +9733,16 @@ packages:
       xml2js:
         optional: true
 
-  nitro@3.0.260415-beta:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-J0ntJERWtIdvweZdmkCiF8eOFvP9fIAJR2gpeIDrHbAlYavK41WQfADo/YoZ/LF7RMTZBiPaH/pt2s/nPru9Iw==}
+  nitro@3.0.260429-beta:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-KweLVCUN5X9v9g+4yxAyRcz3FcOlnjmt9FyrAIWDxJETJmNT7I0JV0clgsONjo2nI0U5gwedXYA3RaNtF5XWzg==}
     engines: {node: ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0}
     hasBin: true
     peerDependencies:
-      '@vercel/queue': ^0.1.4
+      '@vercel/queue': ^0.1.6
       dotenv: '*'
       giget: '*'
       jiti: ^2.6.1
-      rollup: ^4.60.1
+      rollup: ^4.60.2
       vite: ^7 || ^8
       xml2js: ^0.6.2
       zephyr-agent: ^0.2.0
@@ -10249,6 +10489,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Xf0nWe6RseziFMu+Ap9biiUbmplq6S9/p+7w7YXP/JBHhrUDDUhwa+vANyubuqfZWTveU//DYVGsDG7RKL/vEw==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
 
+  require-in-the-middle@7.5.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-gAZ+kLqBdHarXB64XpAe2VCjB7rIRv+mU8tfRWziHRJ5umKsIHN2tLLv6EtMw7WCdP19S0ERVMldNvxYCHnhSQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8.6.0'}
+
   requires-port@1.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-KigOCHcocU3XODJxsu8i/j8T9tzT4adHiecwORRQ0ZZFcp7ahwXuRU1m+yuO90C5ZUyGeGfocHDI14M3L3yDAQ==}
 
@@ -10552,6 +10796,9 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-5n7zqPAjL+RzR7n09NPKpWBXmDCtuRpQzIL+ycj8pe6MayV7cDuFmceoyPQJ0c95oFj6feY7SZvhX/+S0i1ukg==}
     hasBin: true
 
+  shimmer@1.2.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-sQTKC1Re/rM6XyFM6fIAGHRPVGvyXfgzIDvzoq608vM+jeyVD0Tu1E6Np0Kc2zAIFWIj963V2800iF/9LPieQw==}
+
   side-channel-list@1.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-FCLHtRD/gnpCiCHEiJLOwdmFP+wzCmDEkc9y7NsYxeF4u7Btsn1ZuwgwJGxImImHicJArLP4R0yX4c2KCrMrTA==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -12444,7 +12691,9 @@ snapshots:
 
   '@cloudflare/workers-types@4.20260317.1': {}
 
-  '@copilotkit/aimock@1.14.0': {}
+  '@copilotkit/aimock@1.16.4(vitest@4.1.4(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)(@types/node@24.10.3)(happy-dom@20.0.11)(jsdom@27.3.0(postcss@8.5.9))(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@24.10.3)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)(terser@5.44.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.2)))':
+    optionalDependencies:
+      vitest: 4.1.4(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)(@types/node@24.10.3)(happy-dom@20.0.11)(jsdom@27.3.0(postcss@8.5.9))(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@24.10.3)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)(terser@5.44.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.2))
 
   '@crazydos/vue-markdown@1.1.4(vue@3.5.25(typescript@5.9.3))':
     dependencies:
@@ -13029,6 +13278,18 @@ snapshots:
       - supports-color
       - utf-8-validate
 
+  '@grpc/grpc-js@1.14.3':
+    dependencies:
+      '@grpc/proto-loader': 0.8.0
+      '@js-sdsl/ordered-map': 4.4.2
+
+  '@grpc/proto-loader@0.8.0':
+    dependencies:
+      lodash.camelcase: 4.3.0
+      long: 5.3.2
+      protobufjs: 7.5.4
+      yargs: 17.7.2
+
   '@humanfs/core@0.19.1': {}
 
   '@humanfs/node@0.16.7':
@@ -13221,6 +13482,8 @@ snapshots:
       '@jridgewell/resolve-uri': 3.1.2
       '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
 
+  '@js-sdsl/ordered-map@4.4.2': {}
+
   '@livekit/mutex@1.1.1': {}
 
   '@livekit/protocol@1.44.0':
@@ -13439,8 +13702,239 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       zod: 4.3.6
 
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+    dependencies:
+      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.9.1
+
   '@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1': {}
 
+  '@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks@1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)':
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+      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.9.1
+      '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions': 1.28.0
+
+  '@opentelemetry/exporter-logs-otlp-grpc@0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)':
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+      '@grpc/grpc-js': 1.14.3
+      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.9.1
+      '@opentelemetry/core': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
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+      '@opentelemetry/core': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-logs-otlp-grpc': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-logs-otlp-http': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-logs-otlp-proto': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-grpc': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-http': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-proto': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-prometheus': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-grpc': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-proto': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/exporter-zipkin': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/instrumentation': 0.57.2(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/resources': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
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+      '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions': 1.28.0
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - supports-color
+
+  '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base@1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)':
+    dependencies:
+      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.9.1
+      '@opentelemetry/core': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/resources': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions': 1.28.0
+
+  '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node@1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)':
+    dependencies:
+      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.9.1
+      '@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/core': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/propagator-b3': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/propagator-jaeger': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base': 1.30.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)
+      semver: 7.7.4
+
+  '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions@1.28.0': {}
+
+  '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions@1.40.0': {}
+
   '@oxc-minify/binding-android-arm-eabi@0.110.0':
     optional: true
 
@@ -16911,6 +17405,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   '@types/retry@0.12.0': {}
 
+  '@types/shimmer@1.2.0': {}
+
   '@types/unist@2.0.11': {}
 
   '@types/unist@3.0.3': {}
@@ -17973,6 +18469,8 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       consola: 3.4.2
 
+  cjs-module-lexer@1.4.3: {}
+
   class-variance-authority@0.7.1:
     dependencies:
       clsx: 2.1.1
@@ -19534,6 +20032,13 @@ snapshots:
       parent-module: 1.0.1
       resolve-from: 4.0.0
 
+  import-in-the-middle@1.15.0:
+    dependencies:
+      acorn: 8.15.0
+      acorn-import-attributes: 1.9.5(acorn@8.15.0)
+      cjs-module-lexer: 1.4.3
+      module-details-from-path: 1.0.4
+
   import-lazy@4.0.0: {}
 
   import-meta-resolve@4.2.0: {}
@@ -20066,6 +20571,8 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       p-locate: 5.0.0
 
+  lodash.camelcase@4.3.0: {}
+
   lodash.defaults@4.2.0: {}
 
   lodash.isarguments@3.1.0: {}
@@ -20615,6 +21122,8 @@ snapshots:
       pkg-types: 1.3.1
       ufo: 1.6.1
 
+  module-details-from-path@1.0.4: {}
+
   motion-dom@11.18.1:
     dependencies:
       motion-utils: 11.18.1
@@ -20700,7 +21209,7 @@ snapshots:
       - sqlite3
       - uploadthing
 
-  nitro@3.0.260415-beta(chokidar@5.0.0)(dotenv@17.2.3)(giget@2.0.0)(jiti@2.6.1)(rollup@4.60.1)(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@24.10.3)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)(terser@5.44.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.2)):
+  nitro@3.0.260429-beta(chokidar@5.0.0)(dotenv@17.2.3)(giget@2.0.0)(jiti@2.6.1)(rollup@4.60.1)(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@24.10.3)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)(terser@5.44.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.2)):
     dependencies:
       consola: 3.4.2
       crossws: 0.4.5(srvx@0.11.15)
@@ -21882,6 +22391,14 @@ snapshots:
 
   require-from-string@2.0.2: {}
 
+  require-in-the-middle@7.5.2:
+    dependencies:
+      debug: 4.4.3
+      module-details-from-path: 1.0.4
+      resolve: 1.22.11
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - supports-color
+
   requires-port@1.0.0: {}
 
   resolve-from@4.0.0: {}
@@ -22317,6 +22834,8 @@ snapshots:
       sherif-windows-arm64: 1.9.0
       sherif-windows-x64: 1.9.0
 
+  shimmer@1.2.1: {}
+
   side-channel-list@1.0.0:
     dependencies:
       es-errors: 1.3.0
diff --git a/testing/otel-verify/README.md b/testing/otel-verify/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57e19cb8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/otel-verify/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# `@tanstack/ai-otel-verify`
+
+Manual smoke harness for verifying the [`otelMiddleware`](../../packages/typescript/ai/src/middlewares/otel.ts) against real OTLP backends. Boots an in-process [aimock](https://github.com/CopilotKit/aimock), runs three deterministic chat scenarios with the middleware attached, and exports spans + metrics over OTLP/HTTP to whichever backend you point it at.
+
+This package is **`private: true`** — it ships in the repo for ergonomics but is never published to npm. It is **not** part of the automated test suite or CI. Use it when adding a new backend, after material changes to `otelMiddleware`, or to reproduce a user-reported rendering problem.
+
+## Prerequisite: build the workspace
+
+The harness imports `@tanstack/ai/middlewares/otel`, which resolves through the package's `dist/` directory. Build the workspace first so that subpath export exists:
+
+```bash
+pnpm build:all
+```
+
+Use `pnpm build:all` (Nx topo order) rather than `pnpm --filter @tanstack/ai build` — the latter skips workspace dependencies like `@tanstack/ai-event-client` and surfaces stale-dist type errors in unrelated activities.
+
+## Quick start
+
+```bash
+# 1. Start a self-hosted backend (any single service from docker-compose.yml)
+docker compose -f testing/otel-verify/docker-compose.yml up jaeger
+
+# 2. Run the harness against it
+OTEL_BACKEND=jaeger pnpm --filter @tanstack/ai-otel-verify verify
+
+# 3. Open Jaeger at http://localhost:16686 and look for service
+#    "tanstack-ai-otel-verify"
+```
+
+## Backends
+
+| `OTEL_BACKEND`   | Mode      | Required env                                                           |
+| ---------------- | --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `jaeger`         | self-host | none                                                                   |
+| `phoenix`        | self-host | none                                                                   |
+| `langfuse-self`  | self-host | `LANGFUSE_PUBLIC_KEY`, `LANGFUSE_SECRET_KEY`                           |
+| `helicone`       | self-host | `HELICONE_API_KEY`                                                     |
+| `langfuse-cloud` | SaaS      | `LANGFUSE_PUBLIC_KEY`, `LANGFUSE_SECRET_KEY`, optional `LANGFUSE_HOST` |
+| `posthog`        | SaaS      | `POSTHOG_API_KEY`, optional `POSTHOG_HOST`                             |
+| `sentry`         | SaaS      | `SENTRY_DSN`                                                           |
+| `logfire`        | SaaS      | `LOGFIRE_TOKEN`                                                        |
+| `traceloop`      | SaaS      | `TRACELOOP_API_KEY`                                                    |
+| `datadog`        | SaaS      | `DD_API_KEY`, optional `DD_SITE`                                       |
+
+Any required env var that's missing surfaces a clear error before the SDK starts. See [`src/backends.ts`](src/backends.ts) for the exact endpoint each preset hits.
+
+## Scenarios
+
+Each run sends three traces unless filtered with `SCENARIO=…`:
+
+| ID           | What it exercises                                              | Expected span tree                                       |
+| ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `basic-text` | Single-iteration chat with prompt + completion content capture | `chat → iter#0`                                          |
+| `with-tool`  | Two-iteration chat with one tool call                          | `chat → iter#0 → execute_tool get_weather` then `iter#1` |
+| `error`      | Forced mid-stream throw via a sibling middleware               | `chat → iter#0` with `status=ERROR` and exception event  |
+
+Filter examples:
+
+```bash
+SCENARIO=basic-text OTEL_BACKEND=jaeger pnpm verify
+SCENARIO=with-tool,error OTEL_BACKEND=langfuse-self pnpm verify
+```
+
+## What to look for in each backend's UI
+
+For each backend, screenshot all three scenarios and check:
+
+1. **Span hierarchy** — root `chat` span has child iteration spans; tool spans nest under the iteration that triggered them.
+2. **GenAI rendering** — the backend recognises `gen_ai.system`, `gen_ai.request.model`, `gen_ai.response.model`, `gen_ai.usage.input_tokens`, `gen_ai.usage.output_tokens` and shows them somewhere in the UI (chips, sidebar, generation card).
+3. **Prompt + completion display** — with `captureContent: true` the harness emits both `gen_ai.input.messages` / `gen_ai.output.messages` attributes (current semconv) and `gen_ai.user.message` / `gen_ai.choice` events (legacy). At least one form should render.
+4. **Tool call panel** — `gen_ai.tool.name`, `gen_ai.tool.call.id`, args + result.
+5. **Token cost** — most backends derive cost from input/output token counts. Phoenix is the known holdout (uses OpenInference token attrs).
+6. **Error rendering** — the `error` scenario should appear as a failed span with the exception message visible.
+
+## Adding a new backend
+
+1. Add a preset to [`src/backends.ts`](src/backends.ts).
+2. If self-hostable, add a service to [`docker-compose.yml`](docker-compose.yml).
+3. Add a row to the table above.
+4. Run all three scenarios and capture screenshots locally.
+
+## Why this isn't an automated test
+
+Most of what we're verifying — "does Langfuse's UI display the tool call card?" — is a render question that needs human eyes. The wire format is already locked down by `packages/typescript/ai/tests/middlewares/otel.test.ts` and the in-process E2E specs in `testing/e2e/tests/middleware.spec.ts`. This harness exists to verify that our wire format is _understood_ by real backends — a one-shot verification, not something CI should run.
diff --git a/testing/otel-verify/docker-compose.yml b/testing/otel-verify/docker-compose.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..706bcecfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/otel-verify/docker-compose.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# Self-hostable OTel backends used by the verification harness.
+#
+# Each service is independent — start one at a time:
+#
+#   docker compose -f testing/otel-verify/docker-compose.yml up jaeger
+#   docker compose -f testing/otel-verify/docker-compose.yml up phoenix
+#   docker compose -f testing/otel-verify/docker-compose.yml up langfuse
+#   docker compose -f testing/otel-verify/docker-compose.yml up helicone
+#
+# Versions are pinned to specific tags; bump intentionally when you re-run
+# the verification matrix so the screenshots in the docs match the version
+# users will actually deploy.
+
+services:
+  # ---------------------------------------------------------------- Jaeger
+  # Generic OTel sink. UI: http://localhost:16686
+  # OTLP/HTTP traces in: http://localhost:4318/v1/traces
+  jaeger:
+    image: jaegertracing/all-in-one:1.76.0
+    container_name: tanstack-ai-otel-jaeger
+    environment:
+      COLLECTOR_OTLP_ENABLED: 'true'
+    ports:
+      - '16686:16686' # UI
+      - '4318:4318' # OTLP HTTP
+      - '4317:4317' # OTLP gRPC (unused by harness, exposed for parity)
+
+  # ---------------------------------------------------------------- Phoenix
+  # Arize Phoenix. UI: http://localhost:6006
+  # OTLP/HTTP traces in: http://localhost:6006/v1/traces
+  phoenix:
+    image: arizephoenix/phoenix:version-15.2.0
+    container_name: tanstack-ai-otel-phoenix
+    ports:
+      - '6006:6006'
+    environment:
+      PHOENIX_WORKING_DIR: /tmp/phoenix
+
+  # --------------------------------------------------------------- Langfuse
+  # Self-hosted Langfuse + Postgres. UI: http://localhost:3000
+  # OTLP/HTTP traces in: http://localhost:3000/api/public/otel/v1/traces
+  #
+  # First-run setup: open the UI, sign up locally, create a project, copy
+  # the Public + Secret keys into LANGFUSE_PUBLIC_KEY / LANGFUSE_SECRET_KEY.
+  langfuse-db:
+    image: postgres:16-alpine
+    container_name: tanstack-ai-otel-langfuse-db
+    environment:
+      POSTGRES_USER: langfuse
+      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: langfuse
+      POSTGRES_DB: langfuse
+    volumes:
+      - langfuse-db:/var/lib/postgresql/data
+    profiles: [langfuse]
+
+  langfuse:
+    image: langfuse/langfuse:3
+    container_name: tanstack-ai-otel-langfuse
+    depends_on:
+      - langfuse-db
+    ports:
+      - '3000:3000'
+    environment:
+      DATABASE_URL: postgresql://langfuse:langfuse@langfuse-db:5432/langfuse
+      NEXTAUTH_SECRET: dev-only-not-secure
+      SALT: dev-only-not-secure
+      NEXTAUTH_URL: http://localhost:3000
+      TELEMETRY_ENABLED: 'false'
+      LANGFUSE_INIT_ORG_ID: verify-org
+      LANGFUSE_INIT_PROJECT_ID: verify-project
+    profiles: [langfuse]
+
+  # ---------------------------------------------------------------- Helicone
+  # Helicone OSS. Lower priority — only spin up if specifically testing.
+  # OTLP/HTTP traces in: http://localhost:8585/v1/traces (varies by version)
+  helicone:
+    image: helicone/helicone:latest
+    container_name: tanstack-ai-otel-helicone
+    ports:
+      - '8585:8585'
+    profiles: [helicone]
+
+volumes:
+  langfuse-db:
diff --git a/testing/otel-verify/package.json b/testing/otel-verify/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..572258850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/otel-verify/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+  "name": "@tanstack/ai-otel-verify",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "description": "Manual smoke harness for verifying TanStack AI's otelMiddleware against real OTLP backends.",
+  "scripts": {
+    "verify": "tsx src/index.ts"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@copilotkit/aimock": "latest",
+    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-proto": "^0.57.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/resources": "^1.30.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-node": "^0.57.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^1.30.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions": "^1.30.0",
+    "@tanstack/ai": "workspace:*",
+    "@tanstack/ai-openai": "workspace:*",
+    "zod": "^4.2.0"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/node": "^24.10.1",
+    "tsx": "^4.21.0",
+    "typescript": "5.9.3"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/testing/otel-verify/src/backends.ts b/testing/otel-verify/src/backends.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e75476a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/otel-verify/src/backends.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+/**
+ * Backend presets for OTLP/HTTP export.
+ *
+ * Each preset describes how to talk to one OTel backend:
+ *   - `endpoint()`: the OTLP/HTTP traces URL (a function so presets can derive
+ *     it from env vars like SENTRY_DSN or DD_SITE).
+ *   - `headers()`: required headers, reading env vars. Throws if a required
+ *     env var is missing so the harness fails fast with a clear message.
+ *   - `notes`: short prose surfaced in the harness banner. Lists per-backend
+ *     setup gotchas (resource attrs, semconv flags, mapping rules).
+ *
+ * Adding a backend: add a new entry, then run `OTEL_BACKEND=<name> pnpm verify`.
+ */
+
+export interface BackendPreset {
+  name: string
+  endpoint: () => string
+  headers: () => Record<string, string>
+  notes: string
+}
+
+function envOrThrow(name: string, hint?: string): string {
+  const value = process.env[name]
+  if (!value) {
+    const hintSuffix = hint ? ` — ${hint}` : ''
+    throw new Error(`Missing required env var ${name}${hintSuffix}`)
+  }
+  return value
+}
+
+function basicAuth(user: string, pass: string): string {
+  return `Basic ${Buffer.from(`${user}:${pass}`).toString('base64')}`
+}
+
+export const BACKENDS: Record<string, BackendPreset> = {
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------- self-hosted
+  jaeger: {
+    name: 'Jaeger (local)',
+    endpoint: () => 'http://localhost:4318/v1/traces',
+    headers: () => ({}),
+    notes:
+      'Generic OTel sink. Verifies span hierarchy + raw attribute round-trip. ' +
+      'No GenAI-aware UI — useful for proving wire format only.',
+  },
+
+  'langfuse-self': {
+    name: 'Langfuse (self-hosted)',
+    endpoint: () => 'http://localhost:3000/api/public/otel/v1/traces',
+    headers: () => ({
+      Authorization: basicAuth(
+        envOrThrow('LANGFUSE_PUBLIC_KEY'),
+        envOrThrow('LANGFUSE_SECRET_KEY'),
+      ),
+    }),
+    notes:
+      'OSS LLM-observability backend. Basic auth using the public+secret key ' +
+      'pair from /api/public/projects.',
+  },
+
+  phoenix: {
+    name: 'Arize Phoenix (local)',
+    endpoint: () => 'http://localhost:6006/v1/traces',
+    headers: () => ({}),
+    notes:
+      'Uses OpenInference semconv, NOT gen_ai.*. Spans round-trip but token ' +
+      'cost calc and most rich panels will be empty until an OpenInference ' +
+      'shim lands. See https://github.com/Arize-ai/openinference/issues/2205',
+  },
+
+  helicone: {
+    name: 'Helicone (self-hosted)',
+    endpoint: () => 'http://localhost:8585/v1/traces',
+    headers: () => ({
+      Authorization: `Bearer ${envOrThrow('HELICONE_API_KEY')}`,
+    }),
+    notes:
+      'Proxy-based; OTel ingestion is best-effort. Lower-priority backend.',
+  },
+
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------- SaaS
+  posthog: {
+    name: 'PostHog (Cloud)',
+    endpoint: () => {
+      const host = process.env.POSTHOG_HOST ?? 'https://us.i.posthog.com'
+      return `${host.replace(/\/$/, '')}/i/v0/otel/v1/traces`
+    },
+    headers: () => ({
+      Authorization: `Bearer ${envOrThrow('POSTHOG_API_KEY', 'use a project Personal API key')}`,
+    }),
+    notes:
+      'PostHogSpanProcessor maps gen_ai.* → $ai_* events. Only forwards spans ' +
+      'whose name/attrs start with gen_ai., llm., ai., or traceloop.',
+  },
+
+  'langfuse-cloud': {
+    name: 'Langfuse (Cloud EU)',
+    endpoint: () => {
+      // Accept either env var: LANGFUSE_HOST (this harness's original name) or
+      // LANGFUSE_BASE_URL (used by the Langfuse JS SDK). If neither is set,
+      // default to EU. Mismatched region is the most common cause of 401
+      // "Invalid credentials. Confirm that you've configured the correct host."
+      const host =
+        process.env.LANGFUSE_HOST ??
+        process.env.LANGFUSE_BASE_URL ??
+        'https://cloud.langfuse.com'
+      return `${host.replace(/\/$/, '')}/api/public/otel/v1/traces`
+    },
+    headers: () => ({
+      Authorization: basicAuth(
+        envOrThrow('LANGFUSE_PUBLIC_KEY'),
+        envOrThrow('LANGFUSE_SECRET_KEY'),
+      ),
+    }),
+    notes:
+      'For US region set LANGFUSE_HOST or LANGFUSE_BASE_URL to ' +
+      'https://us.cloud.langfuse.com. A 401 "Invalid credentials. Confirm ' +
+      'that you\'ve configured the correct host" usually means region ' +
+      'mismatch between your keys and the host.',
+  },
+
+  sentry: {
+    name: 'Sentry',
+    endpoint: () => {
+      const dsn = envOrThrow('SENTRY_DSN', 'project DSN from Sentry settings')
+      const match = dsn.match(/^https?:\/\/[^@]+@([^/]+)\/(\d+)$/)
+      if (!match) throw new Error('SENTRY_DSN format unrecognized')
+      const [, host, projectId] = match
+      return `https://${host}/api/${projectId}/otel/v1/traces`
+    },
+    headers: () => {
+      const dsn = envOrThrow('SENTRY_DSN')
+      const match = dsn.match(/^https?:\/\/([^@]+)@/)
+      if (!match) throw new Error('SENTRY_DSN format unrecognized')
+      return {
+        'X-Sentry-Auth':
+          `Sentry sentry_version=7, sentry_key=${match[1]}, ` +
+          `sentry_client=tanstack-ai-otel-verify/0.1`,
+      }
+    },
+    notes:
+      'Sentry maps gen_ai.* per OTel semconv v1.36.0. AI Agents UI surfaces ' +
+      'the trace tree natively.',
+  },
+
+  logfire: {
+    name: 'Logfire (Pydantic)',
+    endpoint: () => 'https://logfire-api.pydantic.dev/v1/traces',
+    headers: () => ({
+      Authorization: `Bearer ${envOrThrow('LOGFIRE_TOKEN', 'write token from project settings')}`,
+    }),
+    notes:
+      'Strictest semconv validator. If anything fails to render here, fix ' +
+      'before testing wider. UI: https://logfire.pydantic.dev',
+  },
+
+  traceloop: {
+    name: 'Traceloop / OpenLLMetry Hub',
+    endpoint: () => 'https://api.traceloop.com/v1/traces',
+    headers: () => ({
+      Authorization: `Bearer ${envOrThrow('TRACELOOP_API_KEY')}`,
+    }),
+    notes:
+      'Authors of OpenLLMetry semconv. Canonical conformance reference for ' +
+      'gen_ai.* attribute shape.',
+  },
+
+  datadog: {
+    name: 'Datadog',
+    endpoint: () =>
+      `https://trace.agent.${process.env.DD_SITE ?? 'datadoghq.com'}/api/v0.2/traces`,
+    headers: () => ({
+      'DD-API-KEY': envOrThrow('DD_API_KEY'),
+    }),
+    notes:
+      'Native OTel v1.37+ GenAI support. May require ' +
+      'OTEL_SEMCONV_STABILITY_OPT_IN=gen_ai_latest_experimental.',
+  },
+}
+
+export function resolveBackend(name: string): {
+  name: string
+  endpoint: string
+  headers: Record<string, string>
+  notes: string
+} {
+  const preset = BACKENDS[name]
+  if (!preset) {
+    const known = Object.keys(BACKENDS).join(', ')
+    throw new Error(`Unknown OTEL_BACKEND=${name}. Known backends: ${known}`)
+  }
+  return {
+    name: preset.name,
+    endpoint: preset.endpoint(),
+    headers: preset.headers(),
+    notes: preset.notes,
+  }
+}
diff --git a/testing/otel-verify/src/index.ts b/testing/otel-verify/src/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1feaacdd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/otel-verify/src/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/**
+ * Manual OTel verification harness.
+ *
+ *   OTEL_BACKEND=<name> [SCENARIO=<id>] pnpm verify
+ *
+ * Wires `@opentelemetry/sdk-node` with an OTLP/HTTP trace exporter pointed at
+ * one backend preset (see `backends.ts`), boots an in-process aimock for
+ * deterministic LLM responses, and runs the scenarios in `scenarios.ts`. Each
+ * scenario triggers `otelMiddleware` end-to-end so the resulting spans/events/
+ * histograms land on the configured backend.
+ *
+ * Filter scenarios with `SCENARIO=<id>` (comma-separated) — e.g.
+ * `SCENARIO=basic-text,error` to skip the tool round-trip while smoke-testing.
+ */
+
+import { trace, metrics } from '@opentelemetry/api'
+// Proto-encoded OTLP over HTTP. Some backends (e.g. Phoenix) reject
+// application/json with HTTP 415; protobuf is the canonical OTLP encoding and
+// is accepted by every backend preset in backends.ts.
+import { OTLPTraceExporter } from '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-proto'
+import { Resource } from '@opentelemetry/resources'
+import { NodeSDK } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-node'
+import {
+  ATTR_SERVICE_NAME,
+  ATTR_SERVICE_VERSION,
+} from '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions'
+
+import { resolveBackend } from './backends.js'
+import { SCENARIOS, startAimock } from './scenarios.js'
+
+const TRACER_NAME = 'tanstack-ai-otel-verify'
+const SERVICE_NAME = 'tanstack-ai-otel-verify'
+const SERVICE_VERSION = '0.1.0'
+
+function pickScenarios() {
+  const filter = process.env.SCENARIO?.split(',').map((s) => s.trim())
+  if (!filter || filter.length === 0) return SCENARIOS
+  const filtered = SCENARIOS.filter((s) => filter.includes(s.id))
+  if (filtered.length === 0) {
+    const known = SCENARIOS.map((s) => s.id).join(', ')
+    throw new Error(
+      `SCENARIO=${process.env.SCENARIO} matched nothing. Known: ${known}`,
+    )
+  }
+  return filtered
+}
+
+async function main(): Promise<void> {
+  const backendName = process.env.OTEL_BACKEND
+  if (!backendName) {
+    const known = Object.keys((await import('./backends.js')).BACKENDS).join(
+      ', ',
+    )
+    throw new Error(
+      `OTEL_BACKEND env var is required. Known backends: ${known}`,
+    )
+  }
+
+  const backend = resolveBackend(backendName)
+  const scenarios = pickScenarios()
+
+  console.log(`\n=== TanStack AI · OTel verification ===`)
+  console.log(`backend:   ${backend.name}`)
+  console.log(`endpoint:  ${backend.endpoint}`)
+  console.log(`scenarios: ${scenarios.map((s) => s.id).join(', ')}`)
+  console.log(`notes:     ${backend.notes}\n`)
+
+  const sdk = new NodeSDK({
+    resource: new Resource({
+      [ATTR_SERVICE_NAME]: SERVICE_NAME,
+      [ATTR_SERVICE_VERSION]: SERVICE_VERSION,
+      // Resource-level marker so backends with multi-service UIs (Datadog,
+      // Sentry) bucket these traces under a recognisable name.
+      'deployment.environment': 'verify',
+    }),
+    traceExporter: new OTLPTraceExporter({
+      url: backend.endpoint,
+      headers: backend.headers,
+    }),
+  })
+
+  sdk.start()
+
+  const stopAimock = await startAimock()
+  const tracer = trace.getTracer(TRACER_NAME)
+  // Backends like Phoenix/Jaeger don't ingest metrics over OTLP/HTTP traces
+  // endpoint — pass the no-op meter so the middleware stays happy without
+  // doubling the network surface area. The middleware's own histograms remain
+  // exercised, just not exported to the backend.
+  const meter = metrics.getMeter(TRACER_NAME)
+
+  let exitCode = 0
+  try {
+    for (const scenario of scenarios) {
+      process.stdout.write(`▶ ${scenario.id}: ${scenario.label}... `)
+      const t0 = Date.now()
+      try {
+        await scenario.run(tracer, meter)
+        console.log(`ok (${Date.now() - t0}ms)`)
+      } catch (err) {
+        // Scenario `error` is expected to throw; others shouldn't. Surface
+        // the failure but don't abort the run — partial trace data is still
+        // useful for diagnosing other backends.
+        console.log(`failed: ${(err as Error).message}`)
+        if (scenario.id !== 'error') exitCode = 1
+      }
+    }
+  } finally {
+    // Order matters: stop aimock first so any in-flight requests fail fast,
+    // then flush + shutdown the SDK so spans actually leave the process before
+    // exit. Without the explicit shutdown, BatchSpanProcessor may drop the
+    // last batch on Node exit.
+    await stopAimock()
+    await sdk.shutdown()
+  }
+
+  console.log(
+    `\n→ traces sent. Open ${backend.name} and look for service "${SERVICE_NAME}".`,
+  )
+  process.exit(exitCode)
+}
+
+main().catch((err) => {
+  console.error('\n✗ verify-otel failed:')
+  console.error(err)
+  process.exit(1)
+})
diff --git a/testing/otel-verify/src/scenarios.ts b/testing/otel-verify/src/scenarios.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..552b6ca6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/otel-verify/src/scenarios.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import { LLMock } from '@copilotkit/aimock'
+import {
+  chat,
+  maxIterations,
+  toolDefinition,
+  type ChatMiddleware,
+} from '@tanstack/ai'
+import { otelMiddleware } from '@tanstack/ai/middlewares/otel'
+import { createOpenaiChat } from '@tanstack/ai-openai'
+import type { Tracer, Meter } from '@opentelemetry/api'
+import { z } from 'zod'
+
+const AIMOCK_PORT = 4099 // distinct from e2e (4010) so both can run side by side
+const AIMOCK_BASE = `http://127.0.0.1:${AIMOCK_PORT}`
+
+/**
+ * Spin up a per-process aimock instance and load the same fixture shapes the
+ * e2e suite uses. Returns a stop() handle that the caller MUST await before
+ * the harness exits, so the port releases cleanly.
+ */
+export async function startAimock(): Promise<() => Promise<void>> {
+  const mock = new LLMock({
+    port: AIMOCK_PORT,
+    host: '127.0.0.1',
+    logLevel: 'silent',
+  })
+
+  // Fixtures are inlined rather than loaded from testing/e2e/fixtures so this
+  // package stays self-contained — no cross-workspace path dependencies.
+  mock.addFixturesFromJSON([
+    {
+      match: { userMessage: '[basic-text] run test', sequenceIndex: 0 },
+      response: { content: 'Hello from the assistant.' },
+    },
+    {
+      match: { userMessage: '[with-tool] run test', sequenceIndex: 0 },
+      response: {
+        toolCalls: [{ name: 'get_weather', arguments: '{"city":"NYC"}' }],
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      match: { userMessage: '[with-tool] run test', sequenceIndex: 1 },
+      response: { content: 'The weather is sunny.' },
+    },
+    {
+      match: { userMessage: '[error] run test', sequenceIndex: 0 },
+      response: { content: 'About to throw...' },
+    },
+  ])
+
+  await mock.start()
+  return async () => {
+    await mock.stop()
+  }
+}
+
+function makeAdapter() {
+  return createOpenaiChat('gpt-4o', 'sk-otel-verify-dummy', {
+    baseURL: `${AIMOCK_BASE}/v1`,
+  })
+}
+
+function makeOtelMiddleware(tracer: Tracer, meter: Meter): ChatMiddleware {
+  return otelMiddleware({
+    tracer,
+    meter,
+    captureContent: true,
+    // Trivial demonstration redactor — strip an obviously-fake SSN. Real
+    // users plug in something stronger; we leave content mostly intact so
+    // backends have something to display.
+    redact: (text: string) => text.replace(/\b\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}\b/g, '[SSN]'),
+  })
+}
+
+const weatherTool = toolDefinition({
+  name: 'get_weather',
+  description: 'Get current weather for a city.',
+  inputSchema: z.object({ city: z.string() }),
+}).server(async (args) =>
+  JSON.stringify({ city: args.city, temperature: 72, condition: 'sunny' }),
+)
+
+/**
+ * Drain a chat stream synchronously. The harness doesn't render or stream
+ * to the user — it just needs the middleware lifecycle to fire end-to-end so
+ * spans land on the exporter.
+ */
+async function drain(stream: AsyncIterable<unknown>): Promise<void> {
+  for await (const _chunk of stream) {
+    // intentionally empty
+  }
+}
+
+export async function runBasicText(
+  tracer: Tracer,
+  meter: Meter,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const stream = chat({
+    adapter: makeAdapter(),
+    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: '[basic-text] run test' }],
+    middleware: [makeOtelMiddleware(tracer, meter)],
+    agentLoopStrategy: maxIterations(1),
+  })
+  await drain(stream)
+}
+
+export async function runWithTool(tracer: Tracer, meter: Meter): Promise<void> {
+  const stream = chat({
+    adapter: makeAdapter(),
+    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: '[with-tool] run test' }],
+    tools: [weatherTool],
+    middleware: [makeOtelMiddleware(tracer, meter)],
+    agentLoopStrategy: maxIterations(5),
+  })
+  await drain(stream)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Error scenario: drives a normal chat to completion, then synthesizes an
+ * error via a middleware that throws on the first chunk. This guarantees
+ * `onError` fires inside the otel middleware regardless of provider quirks,
+ * which is exactly what backends should render as a failed trace.
+ */
+export async function runError(tracer: Tracer, meter: Meter): Promise<void> {
+  const explode: ChatMiddleware = {
+    name: 'explode',
+    onChunk(_ctx, _chunk) {
+      throw new Error('synthetic verify-otel error')
+    },
+  }
+  try {
+    const stream = chat({
+      adapter: makeAdapter(),
+      messages: [{ role: 'user', content: '[error] run test' }],
+      middleware: [makeOtelMiddleware(tracer, meter), explode],
+      agentLoopStrategy: maxIterations(1),
+    })
+    await drain(stream)
+  } catch {
+    // The whole point of this scenario is to land an error span — swallow
+    // the rethrow so the harness continues to the next scenario.
+  }
+}
+
+export const SCENARIOS: Array<{
+  id: string
+  label: string
+  run: (tracer: Tracer, meter: Meter) => Promise<void>
+}> = [
+  { id: 'basic-text', label: 'Basic text', run: runBasicText },
+  { id: 'with-tool', label: 'Tool call (1 round trip)', run: runWithTool },
+  { id: 'error', label: 'Error path', run: runError },
+]
diff --git a/testing/otel-verify/tsconfig.json b/testing/otel-verify/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7daa3fad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/otel-verify/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "lib": ["ES2022"],
+    "strict": true,
+    "esModuleInterop": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "resolveJsonModule": true,
+    "noEmit": true,
+    "types": ["node"]
+  },
+  "include": ["src/**/*.ts"]
+}