[CODE HEALTH] Fix clang-tidy performance enum size warnings

[marcalff]

Fixes # (issue)

Changes

Please provide a brief description of the changes here.

• Fix clang-tidy performance-enum-size warnings
• In the API, make sure to preserve enums as is for ABI_VERSION 1, for binary compatibility
• Everywhere else, use smaller enums (std::uint8_t) when possible.

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 90.05%. Comparing base (bef0b90) to head (aea19a2).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3923      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   90.06%   90.05%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         226      226              
  Lines        7223     7223              
==========================================
- Hits         6505     6504       -1     
- Misses        718      719       +1     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...include/opentelemetry/sdk/common/attribute_utils.h	98.81% <ø> (ø)
...lude/opentelemetry/sdk/common/global_log_handler.h	50.00% <ø> (ø)
...e/opentelemetry/sdk/metrics/export/metric_filter.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
...opentelemetry/sdk/metrics/export/metric_producer.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
...dk/include/opentelemetry/sdk/metrics/instruments.h	75.76% <ø> (ø)
sdk/include/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/sampler.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes

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